本文系统综述了粉煤灰从“环境负担”向“二次资源”转化的研究进展，重点探讨了其资源化利用的技术路径与发展趋势。粉煤灰作为燃煤电力的主要固体废弃物，年排放量巨大且利用率低，传统堆存方式不仅占用土地，其重金属成分更对生态环境构成长期威胁；在循环经济与“无废城市”政策驱动下，其资源化需求日益迫切。粉煤灰独特的物理化学特性（如球形玻璃微珠形态、高硅铝含量及非晶态结构）为其资源化提供了基础：在建筑材料领域，它作为水泥掺合料、混凝土矿物添加剂及地质聚合物原料，实现了大宗消纳与性能提升；在环保领域，通过改性作为吸附剂或催化载体，用于废水处理和烟气净化，体现了“以废治废”的高值化潜力；此外，从战略金属提取到聚合物复合材料制备等前沿方向，进一步拓展了其资源化深度。未来需突破成分波动性、技术经济性等瓶颈，通过多学科交叉与系统化产链构建，推动粉煤灰资源化向高效、高值、可持续方向迈进。

This paper presents a systematic review of the conversion of coal fly ash from an “environmental burden” into a “secondary resource”, with a particular focus on the technological pathways and emerging trends in its resource utilization. As a primary solid waste from coal-fired power generation, fly ash is produced in enormous volumes annually, yet its utilization rate remains suboptimal. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling, not only consume significant land resources but also pose persistent ecological risks due to the potential leaching of heavy metals. Motivated by circular economy principles and initiatives like China’s “Zero-Waste City” program, the imperative to recycle fly ash has become increasingly urgent. The unique physicochemical characteristics of fly ash-including its spherical particle morphology, high silicon and aluminum content, and amorphous glassy phase-underpin its resource potential. In construction materials, fly ash is widely used as a cement substitute, a concrete additive, and a raw material for geopolymers, enabling large-volume consumption while enhancing material performance. In environmental engineering, after appropriate modification, it functions as an efficient adsorbent or catalyst support for wastewater treatment and flue gas purification, exemplifying a “waste-control-waste” strategy with high value-added potential. Moreover, advanced applications, such as the extraction of strategic metals and the synthesis of polymer composites, are expanding the frontiers of its utilization. To advance this field, future research should address critical challenges like inconsistent composition and economic viability, fostering efficient and sustainable fly ash recycling through interdisciplinary collaboration and the development of integrated industrial chains.

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